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In 2006 scientists learned how to create a pluripotent stem cell out of a human skin cell. These cells, called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have many of the characteristics of embryonic stem cells including the ability to create mature cell types. Dr. Jerome Zack has a CIRM grant to create iPS cells that could be used in human therapies. Zack is Associate Director, UCLA AIDS Institute, professor of Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, and a scientist with the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem cell Research at UCLA.

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Stem cells have the potential to treat a wide range of diseases, but developing those cures is a process that has many hurdles. Dr. Hans Kierstead has a CIRM grant to develop a treatment for spinal cord injury. He is co-director of the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center and associate professor of anatomy and neurobiology at the University of California, Irvine.

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Macular degeneration is a disease associated with aging that gradually destroys sharp central vision, making it impossible to see faces, to read, or to drive. No therapy exists for the most common, or "dry", form of the disease. Mark Humayun, professor of ophthalmology & biomedical engineering at the Doheny Eye Institute, University of Southern California, recently received a CIRM Disease Team Award to develop a stem cell-based therapy for Macular Degeneration.

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Huntington's disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that typically strikes in a person's thirties and leads to death about 10 to 15 years later. No effective therapy exists for the disease. Jan Nolta, director of the UC Davis Stem Cell Program and Institute for Regenerative Cures, has a CIRM Early Translational Award to develop stem cell-based therapies for Huntington's disease. For more info, go to: www.cirm.ca.gov

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The world's first human embryonic stem cell-based clinical trial has been approved for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Oswald Steward, Director of the Reeve-Irvine Research Center at UC Irvine and member of the CIRM Governing Board, discusses the pioneering work that led to the clinical trial and Roman Reed gives a personal perspective of spinal cord injury and his patient advocacy work. Reed is president of the Roman Reed Foundation and was the inspiration for California's Roman Reed Spinal Cord Injury Research Act of 1999. For more info, go to: www.cirm.ca.gov

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*Please note: this video contains graphic images of a disfiguring disease John Wagner presented the closing scientific talk at the 2011 CIRM Grantee Meeting. Weaving together stories of medical history, literature, bioethics, and his own clinical work, Wagner describes the challenges and promise of stem cell based therapies. Dr. Wagner is a professor of pediatrics, director of the Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and co-director of the Center for Translational Medicine at the University of Minnesota.

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One hallmark of embryonic stem cells is that they cause a particular type of tumor called a teratoma. Stem cell researchers must learn how to prevent these tumors before any transplantation-based therapy can be successful. Paul Knoepfler has a CIRM grant to study how and why the cells form tumors and to help understand ways of preventing those tumors from forming. He is an assistant professor of cell biology and human anatomy at the UC, Davis Institute for Regenerative Cures and is associated with the Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriner's Hospital for Children Northern California.

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One method of creating new embryonic stem cell lines involves placing the nucleus from an adult cell into an egg and allow that egg to divide. This process, called nuclear transfer, has worked in many animals but hasn't yet been successful in humans. Dr. Robert Blelloch has worked on nuclear transfer in mice and other animals. He is assistant professor of Urology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Pathology and a member of the UCSF Institute for Regeneration Medicine.

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One possible use for pluripotent stem cells is to screen drugs for toxic side effects. The idea is that researchers could grow those stem cells into mature cell types such as heart, liver, or brains cells, expose them to new drugs or potential environmental hazards, then look for toxic side effects. Dr. Bruce Conklin has a CIRM grant to develop heart cells that could be used in toxicology screens. Conklin is Senior Investigator at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease.

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CIRM funded 12 new research facilities in California, a $272 million investment that leveraged $1.1 billion in donor and institutional funding. This funding has already created construction jobs for the buildings, many of which are expected to be completed in the next two years. Once built, the additional space will provide room for new faculty members and create jobs for laboratory personnel. The buildings are all designed to speed the translation of basic science to human trials by creating collaborative environments and providing state-of-the-art shared resources.

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CIRM has given out 16 Bridges to Stem Cell Research Awards to state universities and community colleges across California to help train the next generation of stem cell scientists and laboratory technicians. The Bridges program funds courses and internships for undergraduate and masters-level students. Learn more about the Bridges awards and other CIRM funding at www.cirm.ca.gov.

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Myeloid proliferative diseases are life threatening blood disorders that can lead to acute leukemia. Using stem cells, the laboratory of Dr. Catriona Jamieson showed that a specific small molecule could halt these diseases. This work, funded in part by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, led to a clinical trial, which is now underway. In this video, three of the clinical trial participants talk about their remarkable results using this drug. Jamieson is assistant professor of medicine at the University of California, San Diego and Director for Stem Cell Research at Moores UCSD Cancer Center.

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In recent years researchers have found cancer stem cells at the heart of blood cancers as well as some cancers of the brain, breast, colon, head and neck, and others. In those cancers that have cancer stem cells, its the cancer stem cells that appear to drive the cancer, multiplying endlessly and generating the bulk of the cancer cells. Researchers are now looking for ways of destroying those cancer stem cells as a new approach to treating cancer. Catriona Jamieson has a CIRM grant that led to the first clinical trial based on a drug that specifically targets cancer stem cells for destruction. She is assistant professor of medicine at UC, San Diego and Director for Stem Cell Research at Moores UCSD Cancer Center.

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CIRM has funded two HIV/AIDS Disease Teams led by scientists at UCLA and the City of Hope who are focused on stem cell transplant strategies that promise a long lasting resistance to HIV. Antiretroviral therapy provides life-saving medicine to HIV-infected people but it is not a cure. Long-term exposure to the drugs and the virus itself shorten a person's life, even if they don't develop AIDS. Both disease teams have a goal of getting to clinical trials within four years. For more info, go to: www.cirm.ca.gov/HIV/AIDS_facts

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CIRM has funded the ALS Disease Team led by scientists at UC San Diego, The Salk Institute, and Life Technologies Corporation who aim to bring a human embryonic stem cell based ALS therapy to clinical trials within four years. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease, is a progressive motor neuron disorder. Most people with ALS die within 3 to 5 years from the onset of symptoms. For more information visit CIRM's ALS disease fact sheet (www.cirm.ca.gov/ALS_facts) and The ALS Association website (www.alsa.org)

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The simple term "stem cell" actually refers to many different types of cells. The tissue-specific stem cells, or adult stem cells, replenish tissues throughout our lives. Embryonic stem cells exist only briefly in early development before tissues begin to form. Irv Weissman discovered the first tissue stem cells and has helped develop new treatments for disease based on these cells. Weissman has CIRM grant to push embryonic stem cells to form blood and heart muscle stem cells, which could be powerful tools for treating diseases of the heart or blood system. Weissman is Director of the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Virginia & DK Ludwig Professor for Clinical Investigation in Cancer Research, and Professor of Developmental Biology at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

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All embryonic stem cell lines in use in labs around the world come from embryos that were donated by people who had gone through in vitro fertilization. Amander Clark has a CIRM grant to develop new lines that are suitable for transplantation therapies. She also uses the lines to study infertility. Clark is an assistant professor of molecular, cell and developmental biology and is a scientist with the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA.

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Embryonic stem cells have the potential to help treat 70 or more diseases, but developing those new therapies will take time. Alan Lewis is president and CEO of Novocell, a La Jolla-based company that has been developing a potential therapy for diabetes. Novocell has a CIRM grant to assemble a team of researchers who will accelerate the time it takes to get that potential therapy to the FDA for clinical trials.

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(Part 2 of 4) Cardiovascular Therapies: Spotlight on Stem Cell Research "Cardiac Tissue Regeneration and Biosurgery" On March 10, 2011, W. Douglas Boyd, MD, spoke about his work towards developing stem cell-based technologies to repair heart tissue damaged by cardiovascular disease. Boyd is a professor of surgery and director of robotics and biosurgery for the UC Davis Health System. Boyd was introduced by Claire Pomeroy, MD, MBA, vice chancellor for Human Health Sciences at UC Davis and dean of the UC Davis School of Medicine. Pomeroy is also a member of the CIRM Governing Board.

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