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Nucleotides are little components that make up DNA, and they are connected by phosphate molecules. Learn about the components of nucleotides, which includes phosphate groups, sugar molecules and nitrogen bases, with information from a science teacher in this free video on physiology and the human body. Expert: Janice Creneti Bio: Janice Creneti has a BS in secondary science education and a BA in biology from Boston University. Filmmaker: Christopher Rokosz

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I went kinda fast in this one b/c I wanted to get it under 15 mins. Thank goodness for the pause button! Make sure to review Chargaffs rule which says the # of pyrimidines = # purines

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www.mindbites.com for a bundle of videos on DNA Replication Basics. For aneven broader bundle of videos that cover Molecular Genetics and DNA Replication basics, check out www.mindbites.com . To search for topic-specific help in our library of 400+ video products for Biology, please refer to our Biology category at: www.mindbites.com . To check out our full Biology video course, with 390+ videos included, refer to: www.mindbites.com . Or, for access to this single video, go to: www.mindbites.com Meselson and Stahl determined that DNA is replicated using the semi-conservative method, which means that the DNA opens down the middle, and each side acts as a template for the new strand. But this answer only produces more questions. How does the polymerization of the new strand of DNA happen? Polymerization is an endemic process (meaning it requires energy), and not spontaneous. It also required joining of the sugar-phosphates, in addition to the nucleotides. Finally, it requires an enzyme, known as DNA polymerase. Professor Wolfe explains how triphosphate nucleotides make the polymerization process possible. These triphosphate nucleotides float freely within the nucleus of the cell, and each DNA base exists in a triphosphate nucleotide form. The energy that is released by the breaking of the triphosphate bond is what provieds the energy for the polymerization of DNA. Taught by Professor George Wolfe, this lesson was selected from a broader, comprehensive course, Biology.

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This webcast introduces the structure of the nucleic acids and their monomeric units, the nucleosides and nucleotides.

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( www.abnova.com ) - The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) finds regions of local similarity between sequences. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. BLAST can be used to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between sequences as well as help identify members of gene families. More videos at Abnova http

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The BioInformatics Tutorials Series (BITS) is a collaboration between MIT Libraries Engineering and Science Libraries and Harvard's Countway Library of Medicine. This video demonstrates the basics of sequence similarity searching using Nucleotide BLAST.

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This course is part of a series taught by Kevin Ahern at Oregon State University on General Biochemistry. For more information about online courses go to ecampus.oregonstate.edu 1. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. The substrates are ribonucleoside diphosphates (ADP, GDP, CDP, or UDP) and the products are deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates (dADP, dGDP, dCDP, or dUDP). 2. RNR has two pairs of two identical subunits - R1 (large subunit) and R2 (small subunit). R1 has two allosteric binding sites and the active site of the enzyme. R2 forms a tyrosine radical necessary for the reaction mechanism of the enzyme. 3. Ribonucleotide reductase is allosterically regulated via two binding sites - a specificity () binding site (controls which substrates the enzyme binds and which deoxyribonucleotides are made) and an activity binding site (controls whether or not enzyme is active - ATP activates, dATP inactivates). Specificity sites act in a generally complementary fashion. Binding of deoxypyrimidine triphosphates to the specificity site tends to inhibit binding and reduction of pyrimidine diphosphates at the enzyme's active site and stimulates binding and reduction of purine diphosphates at the active site. Binding of deoxypurine triphosphates tends to inhibit reduction of purine diphosphates and stimulates reduction of pyrimidine diphosphates. Don't confuse the active site with the activity site. The ACTIVE SITE is <b>...</b>

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This video is for students studying AS Biology and this video will teach them all about Nucleotides.

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Lecture by Kevin Ahern of Oregon State University discussing Biochemistry Basics in BB 451. See the full course at oregonstate.edu This course can be taken for credit (wherever you live) via OSU's ecampus. For details, see ecampus.oregonstate.edu Download Metabolic Melodies at www.davincipress.com Related courses include BB 350 - oregonstate.edu BB 450 - oregonstate.edu BB 100 - oregonstate.edu Nucleotide Metabolism 1. Nucleotides consist of a) sugar, b) nitrogenous base, and c) phosphate 2. Nucleosides consist of aa) sugar and b) nitrogenous base 3. The sugars of nucleosides and nucleotides are either ribose (found in ribonucleotides of RNA) or deoxyribose (found in deoxyribonucleotides of DNA). 4. The nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides include adenine (purine), guanine (purine), thymine (pyrimidine), cytosine (pyrimidine), and uracil (pyrimidine). 5. The bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine are found in both ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. Thymine is almost always found in deoxyribonucleotides. Uracil is found primarily in ribonucleotides and rarely in DNA, but does appear as a deoxyribonucleotide intermediate in thymidine metabolism. 6. Ribonucleotides are the building blocks of RNA and deoxyribonucleotides are the building blocks of DNA. 7. Nucleotides and nucleosides are made in cells by two general mechanisms - salvage pathways (use breakdown products of other nucleotides/nucleosides) or de novo pathways (synthesize nucleotides/nucleosides from scratch <b>...</b>

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DNA transcription and translation in stop-motion with yarn as medium.

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This Mcgrahill animation tells you about NER or nucleotide excision repair......

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(02/07/11) Lecture by Kevin Ahern of Oregon State University discussing Biochemistry Basics in BB 451. See the full course at oregonstate.edu This course can be taken for credit (wherever you live) via OSU's ecampus. For details, see ecampus.oregonstate.edu Download Metabolic Melodies at www.davincipress.com Related courses include BB 350 - oregonstate.edu BB 450 - oregonstate.edu BB 100 - oregonstate.edu Highlights - Nucleotide Metabolism II 1. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. The substrates are ribonucleoside diphosphates (ADP, GDP, CDP, or UDP) and the products are deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates (dADP, dGDP, dCDP, or dUDP). 2. RNR has two pairs of two identical subunits - R1 (large subunit) and R2 (small subunit). R1 has two allosteric binding sites and the active site of the enzyme. R2 forms a tyrosine radical necessary for the reaction mechanism of the enzyme. 3. Ribonucleotide reductase is allosterically regulated via two binding sites - a specificity () binding site (controls which substrates the enzyme binds and which deoxyribonucleotides are made) and an activity binding site (controls whether or not enzyme is active - ATP activates, dATP inactivates). Specificity sites act in a generally complementary fashion. Binding of deoxypyrimidine triphosphates to the specificity site tends to inhibit binding and reduction of pyrimidine diphosphates at the enzyme's active site and stimulates binding and <b>...</b>

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Visualization of SNPs in the genome.

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This cartoon animation shows how DNA damage is fixed by a process called "nucleotide excision repair" (NER). The target is the DNA adducted by the human bladder carcinogen 4-aminobihpheny. The NER machinery represented by cartoon mice takes the problematic portion of the DNA and trash it. The missing strand is replaced by a new DNA strand. Prepared by Josh Vallee (pharmacy student, 2007) Bongsup Cho (professor)

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Nucleotide excision repair (NER), is a cellular DNA damage response induced by carcinogens such as: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons presents in tobacco (Benzo [α] pyrene), some cancer chemotherapy drugs (platinum-based treatments) or physical agents such as UV light. To activate this DNA...

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This course is part of a series taught by Kevin Ahern at Oregon State University on General Biochemistry. For more information about online courses go to ecampus.oregonstate.edu 1. Nucleotides consist of a) sugar, b) nitrogenous base, and c) phosphate 2. Nucleosides consist of aa)...

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The purine nucleotide cycle involves conversion of aspartate to fumarate, a key TCA cycle intermediate. During exercise, muscles utilize the purine nucleotide cycle to upregulate TCA intermediates. AMP deaminase is key in generating IMP via a deamination reaction. IMP is necessary for subsequent reconversion to AMP via an addition of aspartate to form adenylosuccinate. Loss of fumarate from adenylosuccinate both restores AMP and is the step at which purines can be used to generate TCA intermediates for muscle. A congenital deficiency in this enzyme can yield cramping and fatigue during demanding physical activity.

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Intracellular free mononucleotides play essential roles as precursors in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, and as molecules for energy storage, cofactors of metabolic pathways and regulators of signal transduction. Given that more than ten-billion molecules of mononucleotides are required for an entire replication of human genome, the quality control of nucleotide pool -- "a source of mononucleotides" -- is undoubtedly important for maintaining the integrity of genomic DNA. Free nucleotides can, however, undergo various chemical modifications by endogenous and exogenous reactive molecules, some of which are inevitably produced in living cells. Chemical modifications may alter the properties of nucleotides, including their interaction with other molecules. Some modified deoxynucleotides are known to be incorporated into and to accumulate in newly synthesized DNA during DNA replication. Modified nucleotides, accumulated in either the nucleotide pool or DNA, may inhibit DNA or RNA polymerases during replication or transcription, reduce polymerase fidelity or alter the DNA structure, thus resulting in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, cell death and degenerative disorders or senescence and aging. In addition to DNA metabolism, the other biological functions of canonical nucleotides may also be adversely affected by modified nucleotides. The aim of our study is to identify and investigate the molecules essential for the maintenance of the nucleotide pool homeostasis. This movie has <b>...</b>

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Addresses question #6 of what has to be one of the most scientifically flawed videos about the origin of life on the Internet (Origin of Life made Difficult).

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This animation from Mcgrahill tells you that how nucleotides are added during the replication process of cell division....

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"DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand, guided by the sequence of the template strand. The growing DNA strand is assembled in the 5' to 3' direction with the appropriate base pairs formed at each position. Incoming nucleotides are added to the free 3' hydroxyl group that is presented at the end of the growing strand. The 3' end of the growing strand is positioned in the active site of DNA polymerase. Catalysis is carried out by two highly-conserved aspartate residues and several crucial magnesium ions. The correct incoming nucleotide, deoxyCTP in this case, is selected by the next unpaired base on the template strand. The incoming nucleotide is added to the growing strand. A new covalent phosphodiester bond is formed that extends the length of the growing strand by one nucleotide. The polymerase moves down the DNA to the next unpaired base on the template strand, and the catalytic process is repeated." Essential Cell Biology, Second Edition by Alberts, Bray, Hopkin, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, Walter copyright 2004 by Garland Science Publishing

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This video contains a comparision between two bird species and information about sexuality.

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